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　　近日，北京航(hang)空航(hang)天大學馬曉磊教授團隊與(yu)(yu)來自德國(guo)、瑞(rui)典、美國(guo)的研究(jiu)人員(yuan)在交(jiao)通(tong)基(ji)礎設施(shi)與(yu)(yu)可(ke)再生能(neng)源融合領域(yu)取得重(zhong)要研究(jiu)進展。該研究(jiu)首次提出(chu)了面向城(cheng)市全空間尺度的多(duo)源大數據驅動(dong)的公交(jiao)基(ji)礎設施(shi)與(yu)(yu)分布(bu)式光伏融合框(kuang)架(jia)，依托既有公交(jiao)場站部署分布(bu)式光伏發電與(yu)(yu)儲能(neng)設施(shi)，將傳統(tong)公交(jiao)場站轉變為可(ke)持續(xu)的、可(ke)盈利的、電網(wang)友好型(xing)分布(bu)式能(neng)源樞紐中心。相關成(cheng)果以“Transforming public transport depots into profitable energy hubs”為題、以Research Article形式在線發表于《Nature Energy》。北航(hang)交(jiao)通(tong)科學與(yu)(yu)工程學院、智能(neng)交(jiao)通(tong)技術(shu)與(yu)(yu)系統(tong)教育(yu)部重(zhong)點實驗室為論文唯一通(tong)訊(xun)作(zuo)者單位。

　　當(dang)前全球(qiu)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消耗的27%、二氧化(hua)(hua)碳排放的23%來(lai)自(zi)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)部門(men)。為推(tui)動實現2050全球(qiu)凈零(ling)排放愿景(jing)，交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)行業(ye)正(zheng)在(zai)經歷前所未有的電(dian)(dian)動化(hua)(hua)革命。然而，在(zai)推(tui)動交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)動化(hua)(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)中衍(yan)生(sheng)出(chu)一系(xi)列(lie)新的問題與(yu)挑戰。高強(qiang)度充電(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)增加(jia)了(le)電(dian)(dian)網負(fu)擔，從而大幅提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)力基礎(chu)(chu)設施升(sheng)級、改造與(yu)運(yun)(yun)維成本。快(kuai)速增長的電(dian)(dian)動汽車保有量(liang)將碳減(jian)排壓力從能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)需求(qiu)側轉移到生(sheng)產側，加(jia)劇了(le)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)產部門(men)碳減(jian)排舉措的緊迫性(xing)與(yu)艱巨性(xing)。此外，由全球(qiu)氣(qi)候變化(hua)(hua)導(dao)致的極端天氣(qi)事件正(zheng)在(zai)越來(lai)越頻繁地(di)沖擊交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)與(yu)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)基礎(chu)(chu)設施。尤其在(zai)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)動化(hua)(hua)背景(jing)下，交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)與(yu)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統的脆弱性(xing)通(tong)過“級聯效應”影(ying)響(xiang)被進(jin)一步(bu)放大。

　　為此，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運輸(shu)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)亟(ji)需(xu)融合發(fa)展。2019年歐盟啟動“綠色新(xin)政”，提出推廣交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)清(qing)潔燃(ran)料、建設(she)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)清(qing)潔基礎設(she)施、推動交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)綠色轉型(xing)(xing)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也將交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)融合發(fa)展提升到國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家戰略層面：黨的二(er)十大提出要(yao)積極穩妥推進碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中(zhong)和，加(jia)快構(gou)建交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與新(xin)型(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體系(xi);《交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運輸(shu)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)綱(gang)要(yao)》中(zhong)也明確提出加(jia)速交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)基礎設(she)施網、運輸(shu)服(fu)務網、能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)網與信(xin)息網融合發(fa)展。交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)融合勢必會成為繼高速鐵路、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車(che)、動力電池后各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)領域“科技(ji)博弈(yi)”的新(xin)一(yi)輪焦(jiao)點(dian)。

　　交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)融合(he)關鍵在于交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)張網(wang)的融合(he)。在城(cheng)市(shi)背景下，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)網(wang)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)在城(cheng)市(shi)空間全域內交(jiao)(jiao)錯(cuo)展(zhan)(zhan)開。既有文獻缺(que)乏(fa)對(dui)(dui)城(cheng)市(shi)全空間域交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)融合(he)整體性的研究。以電動(dong)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)融合(he)為例，既有研究往往針對(dui)(dui)若干條線路或(huo)某(mou)個子區域展(zhan)(zhan)開，研究結論無(wu)法揭示(shi)電動(dong)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)融合(he)的統(tong)一機理。此外，當(dang)前研究主(zhu)要(yao)通(tong)(tong)過建立基于眾多條件(jian)假設的數(shu)學模型評估交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)融合(he)的效益，缺(que)乏(fa)對(dui)(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)運(yun)營大數(shu)據(ju)的挖掘與利用，由(you)此得到的規劃與管理策略往往偏離(li)系統(tong)最優解(jie)、甚至(zhi)不是可(ke)行(xing)解(jie)。

　　針(zhen)對上述研究(jiu)局限性(xing)，北(bei)航(hang)研究(jiu)團隊(dui)首次提(ti)出了(le)面向城(cheng)市全空間尺度的(de)(de)多(duo)源大(da)數據(ju)驅(qu)動的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)基礎設施(shi)與(yu)分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)融合框架。依(yi)托既有公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)場(chang)(chang)站部(bu)署分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)與(yu)儲能設施(shi)，將傳統公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)場(chang)(chang)站轉變(bian)為(wei)可持續的(de)(de)、可盈(ying)利的(de)(de)、電(dian)網(wang)友好型(xing)分布(bu)式(shi)能源樞紐中心。該研究(jiu)以北(bei)京(jing)市為(wei)研究(jiu)案例，收集了(le)北(bei)京(jing)市2萬余輛公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)車輛高精度軌跡數據(ju)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)全車型(xing)信(xin)息數據(ju)、全年每天24小時太陽輻照(zhao)度與(yu)天氣數據(ju)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)場(chang)(chang)站建筑(zhu)物矢量數據(ju)等，面向未(wei)來25年探索了(le)凈零排放愿(yuan)景下與(yu)不同光(guang)伏(fu)補貼政策下公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)場(chang)(chang)站能源樞紐中心的(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益、環境效益以及對電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。

公交場站與可再生(sheng)能源融合

面向城(cheng)市全空間尺度(du)的(de)(de)多源大數據驅動的(de)(de)公交(jiao)基礎設施與(yu)分(fen)布式光(guang)伏融合框(kuang)架(jia)

　　研究結果表明單獨部署分布式光伏發(fa)電(dian)設施可使電(dian)動公交充電(dian)凈負荷平(ping)均(jun)下降(jiang)23%、高峰時(shi)段(duan)充電(dian)凈負荷降(jiang)低8.6%，配合儲能設施可將兩(liang)項(xiang)負荷指(zhi)標(biao)進一(yi)步降(jiang)低28%和(he)37%。

公交場站能源(yuan)樞紐對電網負荷(he)的影響

　　在(zai)無任何(he)光伏(fu)補貼政策下，部署分(fen)布式光伏(fu)發電設(she)施(shi)(shi)可(ke)產(chan)生基(ji)于(yu)成本投入64%的凈(jing)利潤，配合(he)儲能(neng)設(she)施(shi)(shi)則將凈(jing)利潤減小到成本投入的31%。

公交場站能源樞紐的經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益

　　在(zai)凈零排放愿(yuan)景技術路線下，部(bu)署分布式(shi)光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)儲能設施在(zai)未(wei)來25年(nian)內仍然可(ke)使公交(jiao)系統用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)碳排放量下降5.7%。當前，中國(guo)正(zheng)在(zai)引(yin)領(ling)全球交(jiao)通(tong)運輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動化(hua)、交(jiao)通(tong)資(zi)產能源化(hua)變革。北京市作為(wei)全球公共交(jiao)通(tong)網絡最(zui)(zui)為(wei)復(fu)雜、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動運營車隊最(zui)(zui)為(wei)龐(pang)大、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎設施最(zui)(zui)為(wei)完善的城(cheng)市之一，以北京市為(wei)研(yan)究案例，可(ke)為(wei)全世界范圍內交(jiao)通(tong)與(yu)可(ke)再生能源融合發(fa)展提(ti)供科(ke)學依(yi)據與(yu)實踐指(zhi)導。研(yan)究成(cheng)果正(zheng)在(zai)與(yu)北京市充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎設施領(ling)軍(jun)企業(ye)開展示范應用(yong)。